Not only in the mountains, but also on the coast, we can occasionally find remains of old trees. Pine, oak and juniper are the most common; they are most resistant to rot, and tolerate the wet environment of marshes and tarns well. Up towards the mountains the remains are mostly of pine, while oak, with its entirely different ecological requirements, is found mostly in coastal areas.
The oldest and highest-lying remains of tree stumps are between 9500 and 9000 years old. Pine trees are found in the best growing spots up to 1200–1250 metres above sea level, but not over the whole plateau. Summer temperature is believed to have been roughly 3° higher than today.
A colder and damper climate set in, marshes formed, the tree line crept gradually down the mountain, and the robust grey alder competed well in terrain up to 1100 metres above sea level. Although we know there were also shorter warm periods, the climate became gradually colder until around 5500 years ago. But, from the 200-300 years following this, many pine trunks and stumps have been discovered. The discoveries were mostly from around 1000 meters above sea level several places on Hardangervidda, among them, Veigdalen and on Hallamyrane south of Sysendalen.
Today’s elevation limit for birch in Sysendalen is approximately 950 meters above sea level, and this is somewhat lower for pine trees. This tells us that the tree limit has decreased even more. There are several reasons for this, but a steady decline in air temperature, grazing by mountain farms, and the use of charcoal in the extraction of iron ore are considered the most important factors. There are stumps in Sysendalen from the time of iron ore extraction (from 0 to 1000 A.D.), but also from the last two to three hundred years, from the last pine forest on Hardangervidda (see picture frame).
That birch and pine are now growing higher up the mountain again is mostly related to a decline in grazing due to the abandonment of mountain farms. Some people also believe that the growth of forest into the valleys suggests climatic warming and the Greenhouse Effect. This is difficult to prove as long as the natural tree limit has not yet been reached - grazing of animals right up until the present time holds the tree line artificially low many places.